In a rational expectation utility optimization model, the consumption profile is smoothed over time and, under some simplifying assumptions, it equals a constant fraction of total lifetime income. For this result to hold, the consumer must be able to transfer income from one period to another. Otherwise, the consumer is under liquidity constraints. The liquidity constraint affects the allocation of Durable and non-Durable consumption. We focus on the relationship between the marginal utility of household Durable good stock and the marginal utility of non-Durable consumption. When capital markets are perfect, the marginal utility of these two variables always bears an equilibrium relationship. But if liquidity constraints are binding, the difference between the lagged value of these two variables can predict the current growth change in non-Durable consumption. We estimate the long-run relationship between these two variables using an error correction model and a pseudo-panel data set based on Iranian Household Expenditure and Income Surveys (HEIS). In the error correction model, the faster the error of the long-run relationship corrects, the lower the liquidity constraint. This coefficient is estimated to be statistically significant and is in [-0. 22,-0. 30] range in different estimates, thus we can reject the permanent-income hypothesis and accept that capital markets are not perfect in Iran.

The effect of Caucasian Elm (Zelkova carpinifolia), Oak (Quercus castanifolia), Mulberry (Morus alba), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) as woody plants, Rose (Rosa damascene) and Fumitory (Fumaria sp) as non woody plants extractives on durability of Beech (Fagus orientalis), Maple (Acer insgin), Alder (Alnus subcordata), and Lime (Tilia sp) were studied. First wood species having extractives were cut to small pieces and then were chipped and milled by using Tappi (T20403-76) standard. Acetone and Methanol solvents were used to extract soluble materials from wood Durable species. Extractives percentages were measured and wood specimens of perishable species measuring 0.5x1x5 cm were prepared. The fungus (Trametes versicolor) was selected and taken from the forest (Darabkola in Mazandaran state). Extractives were injected into non-Durable wood species by negative atmospheric pressure for 15 min, and then treated wood specimens were oven dried at 50°C. Treated and untreated wood blocks again oven dried, cooled, sterilized, and exposed to the fungus. Milled wood (with and without extractives) as control specimens were poured into Pyrex tube glasses, oven dried, cooled, weighed, sterilized and also exposed to the fungal attacks. At the end of experiment, mycelium was removed from surfaces of exposed wood samples and wood blocks were oven dried, cooled, and weighed. Results showed that weight losses of wood species except Lime significantly decreased. Other results indicated that Alder and Lime absorbed solvents more than Beech and Maple. However, Mulberry extractive significantly was inserted to wood samples less than other wood extractives.

The shock of oil revenues, through changes in household expectations, leads to different effects on consumer spending in the Durable and non-Durable goods sector. Accordingly, the purpose of this article was to investigate the impact of oil revenues on private consumption expenditures of Durable and non-Durable goods in Iran. To test this relationship, two linear and nonlinear models in the period 1978-2020 were used. The model used in this study was of ARDL and NARDL methods. The results obtained in the estimated linear model showed that the intensity of the effect of disposable income on the consumption expenditure of Durable and non-Durable goods was equal to 0. 61 and 0. 68, respectively. Also, the effect of oil revenues on consumption expenditures of Durable and non-Durable goods in the nonlinear model was equal to 0. 68 and 0. 53, respectively. Moreover, the results obtained from the analysis of positive and negative shocks showed that the effect of positive shock of oil revenues on the consumption of Durable and non-Durable goods is 0. 47 and 0. 21, respectively, and the effect of negative shock of oil revenues on the consumption of goods Durable and non-Durable were-0. 35 and-0. 14, in turn.

Housing one of the most basic needs of any household, which accounts significant share of household expenditure. The main purpose study is to investigate effect of housing rent on consumption of Durable and non-Durable goods of Iranian urban households. For this purpose, 24 selected provinces, according to the report of the Statistics Center of Iran, are divided into two low-income and high-income deciles (based on the coefficient of food consumer goods, higher coefficient is the low-income deciles of the society). result, in the period 2011-2020 by the dynamic panel method in two separate groups,The effect of housing rent on the consumption of Durable and non-Durable goods has been studied. The Sargan, Arlano, and Bond tests are also presented to evaluate suitability of the model and interpret results of the usage estimates and their results. Estimated results show provinces with high income deciles have increased consumption of Durable goods %1. 32 and consumption of non-Durable goods % 0. 23 with increase in housing rents, and if consider Durable goods as wealth,Renting housing for high-income deciles has increased wealth. On the other hand, low-income deciles have reduced consumption of Durable goods-%4. 57 and consumption of non-Durable goods-%0. 15 with increase cost of renting housing. Therefore, based on research findings, recommended that policy makers and the government do not ignore this gap in household consumption behavior, have more control the cost of housing rent so that the consumption basket of low-income households is not smaller and more limited for the benefit of high-income groups.

High degree of interest sensitivity of Durable goods is now a stylized fact in the literature of monetary policy. This literature, however, does not provide a clear and consensual explanation for the modalities of this stylized fact. In this paper, two independent empirical models are performed to shed more light on the cross-sectoral impacts of monetary policy. The results of first study indicate that there is no straightforward qualitative relationship between the degree of durability and the interest-sensitivity of Durables. While, the second study shows that, in response to monetary policy shocks, productive Durables behave differently from consumer Durables. For both studies, two models have been estimated using the quarterly data of the U.S. over the period 1954: III– 2007: II.

Durum wheat is the second most widely cultivated wheat species after bread wheat. Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. (Pst), severely impacts global wheat production. This study screened 45 durum wheat genotypes for yellow rust resistance through field inoculations in Ardabil and Zarghan, Iran, as well as greenhouse tests. Two Pst isolates, 6E158A+ (from Ardabil) and 14E158A+,YR27 (from Zarghan), were used for inoculations in both field and greenhouse conditions. The slow rusting parameters—area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), coefficient of infection (CI), and adult plant reaction (APR)—revealed varying genotypic responses between the two regions. Results indicated that climatic factors, particularly temperature in rainfed areas, affected yellow rust development. The greenhouse experiment identified the roles of resistance genes Yr1, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, Yr26, Yr32, YrSD, YrSU, YrCV, and YrSP in the resistance of durum wheat genotypes. Both field and greenhouse assays showed that genotypes G01, G04, G28, and G30 exhibited minimal slow rusting values in both locations and susceptible reactions to both Pst isolates in the greenhouse, suggesting race non-specific resistance. Conversely, genotypes G25, G26, G27, and G38 displayed lower slow rusting values and resistance to both Pst isolates in the greenhouse, indicating the presence of race-specific or race-non-specific resistance. The identified resistant genotypes can replace susceptible ones in rainfed regions after yield trials and may serve as resistant parents in wheat breeding programs.

Yellow (stripe) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production worldwide. Host resistance is the most economical strategy to manage wheat stripe rust. For this purpose, 18 promising wheat lines of moderate zone were evaluated against yellow rust in Ardabil in order to determine their resistance level. The seedling reaction was evaluated in greenhouse by using race 6E150A+, Yr27. Adult plant resistance was also evaluated by measuring of final rust severity (FRS) and coefficient of infection (CI) under field infection conditions with two times artificial inoculations. Artificial inoculation was carried out using yellow rust race population virulent resistance genes including Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, YrA, and YrSU. Field evaluation was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2011-2012 cropping season at Ardabil agricultural research station (Iran). Results showed that lines M-90-13, M-90-15, M-90-18 along with susceptible check (Bolani) had the highest values of FRS and CI. The lines M-90-2, M-90-4, M-90-5, M-90-7, M-90-8, M-90-13 and M-90-17 were susceptible at the seedling stage and had low level infection at the adult plant stage. Consequently, these lines had different levels of Durable resistance based on the results of this investigation and their pedigree information. The remaining lines that had low level of infection at the seedling and adult plant stages were selected as moderately resistant or resistant lines.

Kalhaydari is a tall, drought-tolerant and rain-fed cultivar which has been a dominant rain-fed cultivar in Fars and Kohgelouyeh and Boyerahmad provinces for a long time (more than 70 years). However, this superior cultivar is susceptible to yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Yellow rust causes a severe damage to this cultivar in high rainfall years. The aim of the present study was to transfer two seedling resistance genes (Yr5 and Yr15) and two adult plant resistance genes (Yr18 and Yr29) from standard lines to this cultivar using marker assisted backcrossing. In four separate breeding projects, Kalhaydari was crossed with four donor parents including Yr5/6*Avocet'S', Yr15/6*Avocet'S', Lalbahadur/Pavon and Opata 85 to transfer Yr5, Yr15, Yr18 and Yr29 genes, respectively. The first generation (F1) was backcrossed with Kalhaydari (BC1F1). In the offspring, selection for desirable genotypes was performed using markers assisted selection. Then, offspring carrying the favorable genes were entered the second backcross. The third backcross was performed using the same method. After a few more backcrosses and a selfing generation four yellow rust-resistant lines with the same genetic background, Kalhaydari cultivar, will be created. Durable resistance can be achieved using genes pyramiding.